Table of Contents :

Peacebuilding Trajectories in Post-conflict African States: A Re-examination of the ,,3Rs" in Post Nigeria-Biafra War
George Chimdi MBARA and Nirmala GOPAL9

South Africa and the Challenge of Xenophobia Post Democratisation: A United Africa Deterred
Daniel N. Mlambo33


Local role-players, informal peacebuilding institutions and participatory peacebuilding in Zimbabwe
Norman Chivasa51


The Inherent Resort to Violence in Opposition Politics: A Synthesis of the Post-2005 Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) Formations in Zimbabwe
Felix Makonye77


The "Butterfly Effects" That Emerged To Xenophobic Outbreaks in South Africa: Xenophobia, A Timeless Boom
Hlengiwe Hlobisile Khoza, Respect Mashele and Ricky Munyaradzi Mukonza101


Beyond the Battlefields, Non-Militarized Approach and Management of Armed Conflict in Nigeria: Takeaways from Operation Safe Corridor
Mustapha Salihu and Yahaya Yakubu123

[abstract]