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Table of Contents :
Gender-based violence against female immigrants in South Africa: the control theory perspective
Thabiso Malatji and Kholofelo Rakubu5
Women’s entrepreneurship plays a key role in achieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9. The study investigated the difficulties experienced by female business owners during a crisis and the motivations to continue with their entrepreneurial ventures despite unprecedented challenges. An interpretivist paradigm guided the research. Semi-structured interviews with sixteen (16) women entrepreneurs in Msunduzi Municipality illustrate that work-life conflicts, underuse of digital capabilities and scarcity of financial resources are the major challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. The findings showcase the prevalence of necessity-based intrinsic motivation in a time of crisis. The original contribution of the study is in showing how the South African economic conditions shape women entrepreneurship in critical times. The study recommends the development of dedicated policies to encourage intrinsic motivation among local women entrepreneurs despite economic hardships. The generalisability of the study’s findings is limited to the KwaZulu Natal Province in South Africa.
Keywords: Africa; challenges; crisis; motivations; women entrepreneurship.
There are various modes of representation that may be used to convey ideas about human relations and perceptions. Poetry is one of the avenues that is often used to express ideas about human experience and other related matters. Hence, poetry may be used to convey ideas about gender and its attendant perception and portrayal in society. This is true of Xitsonga poetry, which often entails poets? concept of women and womanhood. This article analyses two Xitsonga poems that were purposively selected for their treatment of women and womanhood as themes. The selected poems are are Vatshiveri by Malungana and Babane, and Nkata xithicarana by G.J Maphalakasi. Underpinned by the theory of meaning and content analysis, the article reveals that women are largely portrayed in a negative light, lazy, heartless, boastful, arrogant, and evil, only insofar as they do not conform to the cultural and stereotypic definitions of a woman is or should be in a given society. The article recommends that Vatsonga women should create poetry contrasting male writers' views, transforming perceptions of women and womanhood. Future Vatsonga poets should draw from cultural tenets without relying on past understandings.
Keywords: Poetry, portrayal, women, womanhood, Xitsonga.
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